摘 要

我国森林旅游近年来保持着快速增长的态势，已成为最具有生命力和发展潜力的旅游形式。南京牛首山森林公园是国家首批森林公园景区，游憩活动频繁。野生动物是生态系统的重要组成部分，其中鸟类与人类关系密切，并为对环境较为敏感的指示性类群。本研究于2018年2月至5月，在牛首山森林公园分别于游憩区和非游憩区采用样线法进行鸟类调查，分析人类游憩活动对鸟类多样性及惊飞距离的影响。结果表明：牛首山森林公园2-5月共记录40种鸟类，隶属于6目21科；从居留型来看，牛首山森林公园内留鸟占65%，夏侯鸟占10%，冬候鸟占12.5%，旅鸟占12.5%；游憩区共记录鸟类23种460只，密度18.4只/ha；非游憩区共记录鸟类40种783只，密度31.32只/ha；游憩区的优势种鸟类是麻雀和田鹀，而非游憩区的优势种鸟类是白头鹎；优势度指数非游憩区略大于游憩区；Pielou均匀度指数非游憩区小于游憩区；Shannon-Wiener指数非游憩区大于游憩区；游憩区和非游憩区的鸟类多样性具有差异（t=3.576，P=0.01），非游憩区比游憩区鸟类多样性高；游憩区和非游憩区鸟类的惊飞距离具有差异，观测鸟惊飞距离非游憩区比游憩区大。

关键词：牛首山森林公园；游憩活动；鸟类多样性；惊飞距离；

The impact of the recreational activities on the diversity of birds and the flying distance of Niushou mountain forest park.

ABSTRACT

In recent years, China's forest tourism has maintained a rapid growth trend, and it has become the most form of tourism with the vitality and development potential. Nanjing Niushoushan Forest Park, the first batch of forest parks in the country, has frequent recreational activities. Wild animals are an important part of the ecosystem. Among them, birds are closely related to humans and are more indicative of the environment. From February to May 2018, this study used the line-of-sight method to survey birds in the Niushoushan Forest Park in recreational and non-recreational areas, and analyzed the impact of human recreational activities on bird diversity and startling distance. The results showed that Niushoushan Forest Park recorded 40 species of birds from February to May, belonging to 6 orders and 21 families. From the of view of residence type of the birds in Niushoushan Forest Park, 65% of the birds were resident birds, 10% were summer birds, 12.5% were winter birds, and 12.5% were travelling birds; Recreational areas recorded a total of 460 species of birds of 460, with a density of 18.4/ha; non-recreational areas recorded a total of 40 species of birds of 783 with a density of 31.32/ha; The dominant species of birds in recreational areas was Sparrows and ridgebacks, and the dominant species in the non-recreational area are white-headed plover; Dominance index is slightly larger than the recreational area in the non-camping area; Pielou evenness index is less than the recreational area in the non-camping area; Shannon-Wiener index is greater than the recreation area in the non-camping area. There was a difference in bird diversity between recreational and non-breeding areas (t=3.576, P=0.01); the flying distances of birds in recreational and non-touring areas were different. The startling distance of the observation bird in the non-recreation zone is greater than that of the recreation area.

Key words：Niushou mountain Forest Park；Recreation activities；Diversity of birds；Flying distance；

目 录

1 前言………………………………………………………………………………………………………1

1.1 研究背景与现状………………………………………………………………………………………1

1.2 研究目的与意义………………………………………………………………………………………2

2 研究点概况………………………………………………………………………………………………3

2.1 地理位置………………………………………………………………………………………………3

2.2 气候……………………………………………………………………………………………………3

2.3 土壤……………………………………………………………………………………………………3

2.4 生态环境………………………………………………………………………………………………4

3 研究方法…………………………………………………………………………………………………5

3.1 调查方法………………………………………………………………………………………………5

3.2 数据分析………………………………………………………………………………………………5

4 结果………………………………………………………………………………………………………6

4.1 鸟类组成………………………………………………………………………………………………6

4.2 居留型和区系型………………………………………………………………………………………8

4.3 鸟类多样性……………………………………………………………………………………………9

4.4 鸟类惊飞距离………………………………………………………………………………………10

5 结论与讨论……………………………………………………………………………………………12

5.1 森林游憩活动对鸟类多样性的影响………………………………………………………………12

5.2 森林游憩活动对鸟类惊飞距离的影响……………………………………………………………12

致 谢………………………………………………………………………………………………………14

参 考 文 献………………………………………………………………………………………………15

1前言

森林公园是我国生态建设和自然保护体系中重要的组成部分。森林公园体系的发展对加强中国自然文化遗产的保护起到了非常重要的作用，也极大地促进了人民日益增长的户外游憩需求^[1]。鸟类群落生态学是群落生态学的一个重要分支。鸟类群落的研究对群落生态学的概念和理论框架的建立起到了非常重要的作用。鸟类群落的组成对于了解整个生态系统结构与功能的关系有重要意义。城市鸟类群落是城市生态系统的重要组成部分，对维持城市生态平衡至关重要^[3]。城市栖息地有其不同于自然栖息地的特征：高度的异质性、频繁的人为干扰等因素已经决定了城市鸟类群落生态学的研究具有其特定的内容^[4]。

野生动物是景区内非常重要的旅游资源，也是最容易受外界干扰影响的因子之一^[5]。本研究以牛首山森林公园为研究地，旨在分析人类游憩活动对鸟类多样性以及惊飞距离的影响，探寻生态旅游发展与鸟类保护之间的相关关系。