摘 要

江苏江南地区具有丰富的湿地资源，湿地水鸟多样性丰富。为调查近15年来江苏境内江南湿地水鸟群落结构及其多样性变化，对该地区自然湿地水鸟进行了实地调查，并分析影响水鸟多样性的相关因素，提出自然湿地环境保护对策，以提高江苏江南湿地的生物多样性。以江苏江南地区的十一座自然湿地：石臼湖、固城湖、龙袍、绿水湾、金牛湖、南湖、赤山湖、太湖、昆承湖、尚湖、阳澄湖为研究对象，于2019年对江南地区湿地水鸟的种类、数量进行了调查并与2005年数据进行对比分析。结果显示，两次调查所记录的鸟类大多属于鸭科，隶属于雁形目。其中2005年共记录种类26种，数量20370只，隶属6目8科，IUCN红色名录物种全球受胁物种3种，计525只；属国家Ⅱ级重点保护水鸟3种，计27只；2019年共记录种类32种，数量46075只，隶属7目10科。其中，IUCN红色名录物种全球受胁物种4种，计8900只；属国家Ⅰ级重点保护水鸟1种，计19只，属国家Ⅱ级重点保护水鸟3种，计3155只。相关性分析结果表明，在2005年，自然湿地的面积与水鸟种类和数量没有显著相关性，与Shannon-Wiener指数呈正相关，与Pielou指数和Simpson多样性指数不相关；湿地所在地区人口密度与水鸟数量存在正相关的关系，与水鸟种类没有显著相关性，与Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson多样性指数均不相关；在2019年，自然湿地的面积与水鸟数量有正相关关系，与水鸟种类没有显著相关性，与Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson多样性指数不相关，湿地所在地区人口密度与水鸟种类和数量没有显著相关性，与Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson多样性指数显著负相关。可见湿地面积对水鸟群落及其多样性的影响不大，而人口密度对水鸟群落及其多样性影响显著。根据研究结果，我们建议限制或减少湿地周边的人类活动，以改善水鸟的保护状况。

关键词：鸟类；群落结构；生物多样性；江苏江南湿地；保护

Community structure and diversity of waterfowl in Jiangnan wetland in Jiangsu Province in the past 15 years

ABSTRACT

The Jiangnan area of Jiangsu Province is rich in wetland resources, supporting relatively higher waterbird biodiversity. In order to investigate the structure and diversity of waterfowl community in Jiangnan wetland in Jiangsu Province in the past 15 years, the field waterbird survey of natural wetlands in this area was carried out. Correlation analyses were applied to detect the effects of wetland area and human density on waterbird abundance and biodiversity. In total, eleven natural wetlands in Jiangnan area of Jiangsu Province: Shihu Lake, Gucheng Lake, Longpao, Lushuiwan, Jinniu Lake, Nanhu Lake, Chishan Lake, Taihu Lake, Kuncheng Lake, Shanghu Lake and Yangcheng Lake were surveyed in 2019. The waterbirds abundance and diversity in the wetlands of the Jiangnan area were investigated and compared with the historical data which collected in 2005, to reveal the waterbird structure changes. The results showed that most of the birds recorded in the two surveys belonged to the family of Anatidae. In 2005, a total of 26 species were recorded, with a total of 20,370, belonging to 6 orders and 8 families, including 3 species with a total abundance of 525 listed as global threated species in IUCN Red List, 3 national key protected waterbirds; 32 species with a total number of 46,075 were records in 2019, belonging to 7 orders and 10 families. Among them, there are 4 species listed as global threated species in IUCN red list, accounting for 8,900; Of them, 1 and 3 speices were listed as national key protected waterbirds class I and class II respectively. Correlation analyses indicate that in 2005, there was no significant correlation between the area of natural wetlands and the number of species and abundance of waterbirds, but the wetland area positively correlated with the Shannon-Wiener index, and was no correlation with the Pielou index and the Simpson diversity index; Population density positively correlated with the waterbirds abundance but was no significant correlation with the number of species, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and Simpson diversity index. In 2019, the area of natural wetland was positively correlated with the number of waterbirds. There was no significant correlation between number of species, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and Simpson diversity index. Moreover, Population density was not significant correlated with waterbirds species and abundance but negatively correlated with Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and Simpson diversity index. These results suggested that wetland area has little effect on the waterfowl community and its diversity, but the population density is closely related to the waterfowl community and its diversity. Based on the results, we propose to limit or reduce human activities surrounding the wetlands to improve the conservation status of waterbirds in this area.

Key words：Birds; Community structure; Biodiversity; Jiangsu Jiangnan Wetland; Protection

目 录

第一章 绪论 1

1.1 研究背景 1

1.2 研究意义和目标 2

1.3 研究概况 2

第二章 研究区域与分析 4

2.1江苏省湿地资源概况 4

2.2 研究地点 5

2.3 研究方法 15

2.3.1调查方法 15

2.3.2多样性指数 17

2.4研究结果 17

2.4.1鸟类群落组成 17

2.4.2水鸟群落多样性分析 19

2.4.3珍稀水鸟物种变化 21

2.5 鸟类多样性的影响因素分析 22

2.5.1湿地面积与水鸟群落及其多样性之间的关系 23

2.5.2人口密度与水鸟群落及其多样性的关系 24

讨 论 27

结 论 29

致 谢 30

参考文献 31

附录 33

第一章 绪论

1.1 研究背景

鸟类是生物多样性的重要组成部分，隶属于动物界、脊索动物门、鸟纲,因其绚丽多彩的羽饰、婉转动听的鸣声和自由翱翔的英姿而受到广泛关注^[1]，其对于湿地能量流动和维持生态系统的稳定至关重要^[2]。据统计资料显示，我国有湿地水鸟12目32科271种，约占全国鸟类总种数的1/5,占亚太地区水鸟总种数的62%。水鸟栖息于各种类型的天然湿地和人工湿地，包括滨海、滩涂、盐场、湖边、农田和草地等区域^[3]。水鸟大多为迁徙候鸟,属于世界性的鸟类,我国湿地是南北半球候鸟迁徙的重要中转站,也是世界水鸟的重要繁殖地和东半球水鸟的重要越冬地^[4]。

我国水鸟种类丰富,约占我国鸟类总数的五分之一, 但其生存状态不容乐观。停歇地和栖息地的丧失使鸟类数量不断减少。油气田的开发、耕地面积的扩大、工农业的发展、人口的剧增等更加剧了水资源紧缺程度,致使自然淡水湿地面积不断减少, 湿地质量也逐年下降，鸟类的数量不断锐减^[4]。