摘 要

江苏省具有丰富的湿地资源，湿地水鸟多样性丰富。为揭示秋冬季江苏江南湿地水鸟组成、分析其影响因素，于2019年1月对江苏省内石臼湖，固城湖，绿水湾，金牛湖，赤山湖，南湖，太湖，阳澄湖，尚湖，昆承湖和龙袍湿地等11个典型湿地水鸟群落进行了调查。共记录种类32种，隶属7目10科，总数量46075只，其中，以雁形目种类最多，共计14种，约占总物种数43.75%；以鹳形目种类与数量最少，仅1种19只，约占总物种数3.1%，总数量0.0004%。利用Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和优势度指数，研究湿地水鸟群落的多样性。通过分析发现，龙袍湿地鸟类多样性（Shannon-Wiener指数）（2.344）和均匀度（Pielou指数）（0.795）最高，太湖的水鸟数量最多（15602只），并且发现水鸟数量与湿地面积成正相关，水鸟种类与湿地面积无明显关系，湿地水鸟多样性与当地人口密度呈负相关，水鸟数量与物种数与人口密度无明显关系。本次调查结果显示江苏江南湿地水鸟多样性较为丰富，但湿地地区资源开发与经济发展状况对湿地水鸟的数量和多样性都有一定的影响。这次调查使我们对江苏地区湿地水鸟的群落结构有了一定的了解，为水鸟多样性的保护提供科学依据，并且对于江苏地区湿地资源的保护管理具有一定的意义。

关键词：湿地；水鸟；数量；多样性；影响因素

Wetland waterfowl diversity and its drive factors in Southern Jiangsu Province

ABSTRACT

Jiangsu Province is rich in wetland resources, supporting plenty of waterbirds. In order to reveal the community composition of waterfowl in Jiangsu in autumn and winter, and analyze its drive factors, we surveyed a total of 11 typical wetland waterfowl communities in Shiji Lake, Gucheng Lake, Lushuiwan, Jinniu Lake, Chishan Lake, Nanhu Lake, Taihu Lake, Yangcheng Lake, Shanghu Lake, Kuncheng Lake and Longpao Wetland in Jiangsu Province in Jan 2019.The results showed that there were 32 species belonged to 10 families of 7 orders, with a total number of 46,075. Among them, Anatidae are the most abundant species, totaling 14 species, accounting for 43.75% of the total species. The species and number of storks are the least, only 1 species with a population of 19 individuals, accounting for 3.1% of the total species and 0.0004% of the total number. We further calculated the Pielou index, Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index for each surveyed wetlands to study the drivers of waterfowl diversity in this area. The analyses found that bird diversity (2.344) and uniformity (0.795) at Longpao wetland were the highest. However, the highest abundance of waterbirds was counted in the Taihu Lake (15,602). The number of waterbirds was found to be positively correlated with the wetland area but no significant correlation was detected between waterbird species and wetland area. The diversity of waterbirds in wetlands is closely correlated with the density of local population. The results of this survey showed that the waterfowl diversity is rich in Jiangsu wetlands, but the economic development has certain influences on the abundance and diversity of wetland waterbirds. This survey has enabled us to have a primary understanding of the community structure of wetland waterbirds in Jiangsu, provide a scientific basis for the protection of waterbird diversity, and is of great significance for the protection and management of wetland resources.

Key words：Wetland; Waterfowl; Quantity; Biodiversity; Impact factors

目 录

lt;1 绪论gt; 1

lt;1.1 研究背景gt; 1

lt;1.2 研究意义和目标gt; 1

lt;1.3 国内外研究概况gt; 1

lt;1.3.1 国外研究概况gt; 1

lt;1.3.2 国内研究概况gt; 2

lt;2 研究及结果gt; 4

lt;2.2研究区概况gt; 4

lt;2.2.1 自然概况gt; 4

lt;2.2.2 调查区概况gt; 4

lt;2.3 研究方法gt; 16

lt;2.3.1 调查方法gt; 16

lt;2.3.2 多样性指数gt; 17

lt;2.4 相关性分析gt; 18

lt;2.5 研究结果gt; 18

lt;2.5.1 鸟类群落组成gt; 18

lt;2.5.2 鸟类资源分析gt; 20

lt;2.6 鸟类多样性的影响因素分析gt; 27

lt;2.6.1 不同湿地面积的分析比较gt; 27

lt;2.6.2 不同湿地人口密度的分析比较gt; 30

lt;3 讨论gt; 33

lt;4 结论gt; 35

lt;致 谢gt; 36

lt;参考文献gt; 37

1 绪论

1.1 研究背景

湿地是众多野生动植物赖以生存的关键栖息地，被誉为“地球之肾”，湿地水鸟是指依赖于湿地生存，并且在形态和行为上适应湿地环境的鸟类，它们在喙、跗蹠、脚、羽毛、体形和行为方式等方面均会显示出相应的长期适应性特征^[1]。

从分类学上看，由于不同的湿地类型和湿地水鸟适应方式有所差异，在长期的进化过程中，湿地水鸟逐渐形成了不同的生态类型，其中主要有游禽和涉禽等两种类型。游禽是适应在水中游泳、潜水捕食生活的鸟类，包括潜鸟目、鹱形目、䴙䴘目、鹈形目和雁形目的所有种类，以及鸥类。涉禽是一类适应于在浅水或岸边栖息生活的鸟类。包括鹳形目，红鹳目，鹤形目的鹤、秧鸡、秧鹤、日䴘与日鳽等科和鸻形目（除鸥类）的所有种类^[2]。